Scapular-Protraction-and-Retraction
| English Name | Scapular Protraction and Retraction |
|---|---|
| Difficulty | Beginner |
| Exercise Types | ایستا |
| Primary Muscle (EN) | Middle Trapezius |
| Muscle Groups | Back muscles Shoulder Muscles Trapezius |
|---|---|
| Workout Type | Corrective Endurance |
| Required equipment | No equipment |
💠 Exercise guide
The Scapular Protraction and Retraction exercise is highly effective for increasing shoulder awareness, improving scapular stability, correcting posture, and preventing shoulder injuries. It is valuable for both athletes and everyday individuals to maintain shoulder health.
💠 How to perform the exercise
Preparation
✅ Stand or sit upright with good posture.
✅ Relax your shoulders and keep your spine straight.
Execution method
✅ Slowly move your shoulder blades forward (scapular protraction).
✅ Then pull your shoulder blades back until they come closer together (scapular retraction).
✅ Perform the movement smoothly, slowly, and with control.
✅ Repetitions: 10–15 reps for 2–3 sets.
Coaching tips and recommendations
The exercise should be performed gently and with full control.
Avoid shrugging your shoulders toward your ears.
Keep your spine straight and your neck neutral throughout.
Focus on contracting the back muscles during retraction.
Benefits of the exercise
🔵 1. Improves motor awareness of the scapulae
🔵 2. Strengthens the back and trapezius muscles
🔵 3. Corrects posture and prevents slouching
🔵 4. Reduces shoulder and neck pain
🔵 5. Increases shoulder range of motion
🔵 6. Suitable for corrective and recovery programs
🔵 7. Enhances shoulder joint stability
🔵 8. Prevents shoulder injuries
🔵 9. Improves control of the muscles around the scapula
🔵 10. Simple to perform anywhere
💠 Muscles engaged in the movement
The Scapular Protraction and Retraction exercise places strong emphasis on the back and scapular stabilizing muscles, which are essential for shoulder health and for preventing drooping or injury.
Main muscles
Synergistic muscles
Stabilizers
Trapezius muscle
Trapezius Muscle
The trapezius muscle is one of the most important superficial back muscles, extending from the occipital region to the middle of the back. It plays a key role in shoulder movements, scapular stabilization, and neck motions. Strengthening this muscle improves shoulder endurance, reduces neck pain, and enhances overall posture.
✅ Persian Name: Zozanaghei
✅ Latin Name: Trapezius
✅ Common Name: Trapezius muscle
✅ Location:
🟡 A superficial muscle extending from the base of the skull to the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12).
🟡 Positioned as a broad, diamond-shaped muscle on both sides of the spine.
🟡 Responsible for shoulder movements, scapular stabilization, and assisting neck motions.
✅ 🦾 Origin
✔ Occipital bone
✔ Cervical ligamentum nuchae
✔ Cervical and thoracic vertebrae (C7-T12)
✅ 🦿 Insertion
✔ Clavicle (lateral third)
✔ Acromion process of the scapula
✔ Spine of the scapula
✅ 📌 Division and Function | Muscle Roles
🔹 The trapezius muscle consists of three main parts, each with different functions:
1️⃣ Upper (Superior) part
✔ Elevates the scapula (like shrugging the shoulders)
✔ Assists in head rotation and neck flexion
2️⃣ Middle part
✔ Retracts the scapula (drawing the shoulder blades closer together)
3️⃣ Lower (Inferior) part
✔ Depresses the scapula (pressing the shoulders downward)
✔ Assists in upward-to-downward rotation of the scapula
✅ Main Functions:
✔ Stabilization and movement of the scapula
✔ Assistance in head and neck movements
✔ Providing stability during shoulder and arm motions
✅ 💪🏻 Muscle Fiber Types
✔ A combination of slow-twitch fibers (Type 1) for endurance and fast-twitch fibers (Type 2) for rapid movements.
✔ The lower part contains more slow-twitch fibers, aiding in endurance maintenance.
✔ The upper part has a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers, suited for explosive and quick movements.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Role in Motor and Sports Performance
✔ Plays a key role in weightlifting, bodybuilding, swimming, gymnastics, and wrestling.
✔ Active during overhead press, pull-ups, deadlifts, and rowing movements.
✔ Strengthening this muscle increases neck endurance and reduces injuries caused by spinal stress.
✅ 🧗🏻♂️ Muscle Strength and Endurance
✔ This muscle is engaged in all overhead and shoulder movements.
✔ Weakness in this muscle leads to reduced endurance in strength training and increases the risk of shoulder and neck pain.
🧠 Innervation | Neural Control
✔ Accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
✔ Branches of cervical nerves (C3-C4)
🩸 Blood Supply
✔ Transverse cervical artery
✔ Suprascapular artery
✅ 🤼♂️ Role in Sports and Physical Activities
✔ Important in sports such as bodybuilding, weightlifting, swimming, wrestling, and boxing.
✔ Vital for head and neck stability in American football, rugby, and martial arts.
✅ 🏌🏻♂️ Relationship with Other Muscles and Joints
✔ Works alongside the rhomboid muscles, levator scapulae, and latissimus dorsi in scapular movement and stabilization.
✔ Weakness in this muscle leads to poor posture, neck pain, and limited shoulder mobility.
✅ 💉 Vulnerability and Potential Issues
✔ Spasms and tightness in this muscle are common and often cause pain in the neck and upper shoulder area.
✔ Weakness or lack of strengthening can lead to shoulder drooping and reduced power in overhead movements.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Key Exercises to Strengthen the Trapezius Muscle
1️⃣ Dumbbell or Barbell Shrugs – Increase size and strength of the upper trapezius
2️⃣ Wide-Grip Pull-Ups – Engage the middle and lower parts of the muscle
3️⃣ Deadlifts – Strengthen the entire trapezius muscle
4️⃣ Bent-Over Rows with Barbell or Dumbbells – Target the middle portion of the muscle
5️⃣ Face Pulls with Cable – Enhance strength and endurance of the middle and lower trapezius
✅ 🧘🏻♀️ Stretching and Recovery Exercises
✔ Neck Stretch – Reduces tension in the upper trapezius
✔ Trapezius Stretch – Increases flexibility and reduces spasms
✔ Shoulder Stretch – Improves range of motion
✅ Interesting Fact:
✔ The trapezius muscle plays a crucial role not only in shoulder and neck movements but also in stabilizing the spine and controlling upper body motions.
✅ Practical Tip:
✔ Combining strength exercises (such as deadlifts) with stretching movements (like neck stretches) is highly effective for improving performance and preventing muscle injuries.
🔴 Name and Location: A superficial muscle on both sides of the spine from the neck to mid-back
🟠 Anatomy: Three parts (upper, middle, lower) with distinct functions
🟡 Function: Stabilizes and moves the scapula; assists head and neck movements
🟢 Physiology: Combination of slow- and fast-twitch fibers for endurance and strength
🔵 Innervation: Accessory nerve and cervical nerves (C3-C4)
🟣 Importance: Active in bodybuilding, weightlifting, swimming, and martial arts
🟤 Exercises: Shrugs, deadlifts, pull-ups, rows, neck stretches
⚫ Interesting Fact: The most important muscle for overhead movements and shoulder stabilization
Rhomboid Major Muscle
Rhomboid Major Muscle
The rhomboid major is one of the superficial muscles of the back, located between the spine and the scapula. It lies adjacent to the rhomboid minor muscle and is responsible for retracting the scapula towards the spine, stabilizing the shoulder, and assisting with scapular movements. Strengthening this muscle helps improve posture, prevent shoulder drooping, and reduce pain in the area between the shoulder blades.
✅ Persian Name: Rhomboid Major
✅ Latin Name: Rhomboid Major
✅ Common Name: Large Rhomboid Muscle
✅ Location:
🟡 A relatively deep muscle located between the thoracic vertebrae and the scapula.
🟡 It lies beneath the trapezius muscle and works in conjunction with the rhomboid minor muscle.
🟡 It plays a key role in scapular retraction and stabilizing the position of the shoulders.
✅ 🦾 Origin
✔ Thoracic vertebrae T2 to T5
✅ 🦿 Insertion
✔ Medial border of the scapula (from the scapular spine to the inferior angle)
✅ 📌 Function and Responsibilities of the Muscle
🔹 The rhomboid major performs the following functions:
1️⃣ Scapular Retraction
✔ Similar to bringing the shoulder blades closer together during a rowing motion.
2️⃣ Shoulder Stability
✔ Helps maintain the scapula in the proper position to prevent shoulder drooping.
3️⃣ Downward Rotation of the Scapula
✔ Assists in rotating the scapula when lowering the arm.
✅ Main Functions:
✔ Retracting the scapula towards the spine
✔ Stabilizing the scapula for arm movements
✔ Assisting in improving posture and reducing neck strain
✅ 💪🏻 Muscle Fiber Type
✔ Predominantly composed of slow-twitch fibers (Type 1) for endurance and stability.
✔ Contains fast-twitch fibers (Type 2) for quicker movements, such as sudden shoulder reactions.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Role in Movement and Sports Performance
✔ Plays a key role in rowing, weightlifting, swimming, and martial arts.
✔ Strengthening this muscle enhances shoulder retraction strength and upper body stability.
✔ Weakness in this muscle can lead to shoulder drooping and reduced strength in pulling movements.
✅ 🧗🏻♂️ Muscle Strength and Endurance
✔ The strength of this muscle is crucial for shoulder stability and preventing injuries caused by scapular imbalances.
✔ Weakness in this muscle may lead to pain between the shoulder blades and reduced arm range of motion.
🧠 Innervation | Neural Control
✔ Dorsal Scapular Nerve (C4, C5)
🩸 Blood Supply
✔ Dorsal Scapular Artery
✅ 🤼♂️ Role in Sports and Physical Activities
✔ Effective in sports such as bodybuilding, swimming, rowing, weightlifting, and boxing.
✔ Active in upper body pulling and endurance movements like pull-ups and rowing.
✅ 🏌🏻♂️ Connection with Other Muscles and Joints
✔ Works with the trapezius, rhomboid minor, and scapular muscles to stabilize and move the shoulder.
✔ Weakness in this muscle increases pressure on the neck muscles and reduces shoulder stability.
✅ 💉 Vulnerability and Potential Issues
✔ Weakness in this muscle can lead to chronic pain in the area between the shoulder blades.
✔ Failure to strengthen this muscle can cause shoulder drooping and increased pressure on the neck.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Main Exercises for Strengthening the Rhomboid Major Muscle
1️⃣ Bent-Over Rows – The strongest exercise for this muscle
2️⃣ Wide-Grip Pull-Ups – Strengthens the back and rhomboids
3️⃣ Face Pulls – Enhances shoulder strength and stability
4️⃣ One-Arm Dumbbell Row – Deep activation of muscles between the shoulder blades
5️⃣ Narrow-Grip Lat Pulldown – Improves shoulder and scapular muscle strength
✅ 🧘🏻♀️ Stretching and Recovery
✔ Scapular Stretch – Reduces tension and increases flexibility
✔ Upper Back Stretch – Improves range of motion and reduces stiffness
✅ Interesting Fact:
✔ The rhomboid major muscle is often weakened due to poor posture and slouching, which is why corrective exercises for it are highly recommended.
✅ Practical Tip:
✔ To prevent pain between the shoulder blades, combining strength exercises (like rowing) with stretching exercises (such as upper back and shoulder stretches) is very effective.
🔴 Name and Location: A muscle between the spine and scapula, located beneath the trapezius muscle.
🟠 Anatomy: Originates from the thoracic vertebrae (T2-T5) and attaches to the medial border of the scapula.
🟡 Function: Scapular retraction, stabilizing the shoulder position, downward rotation of the scapula.
🟢 Physiology: Contains slow-twitch fibers for endurance and stability.
🔵 Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5).
🟣 Importance: Active in bodybuilding, rowing, weightlifting, swimming.
🟤 Exercises: Bent-over rows, pull-ups, face pulls, lat pulldown.
⚫ Interesting Fact: Plays an important role in posture and preventing shoulder drooping.
Deltoid Muscle
Deltoideus Muscle
🔹 The deltoid muscle is one of the most important and voluminous muscles of the shoulder region. Its primary function is to move the arm in various directions and stabilize the shoulder joint. Due to its triangular shape, it is named “deltoid,” derived from the Greek word “Δέλτα” (delta), meaning triangle.
🔹 The deltoid muscle is divided into three distinct heads, each playing a specific role in shoulder movement. The anterior head assists in forward motions and arm flexion, the middle head is responsible for abduction and lifting the arm, and the posterior head supports extension and movements behind the body. This muscle is essential for the stability and strength of the shoulder joint, and its weakness can lead to limited range of motion, reduced shoulder power, and an increased risk of injury.
✅ Persian Name: Deltoeid
✅ Latin Name: Deltoideus
✅ Common Name: Shoulder Muscle
✅ Location:
🟡 A superficial muscle located at the top of the upper arm, covering the shoulder joint.
🟡 It forms a cap-like structure over the shoulder joint.
🟡 It directly overlays the head of the humerus and originates from the clavicle, scapula, and the upper part of the arm.
✅ 🔹 Origin
✔ Anterior part: from the outer surface of the clavicle
✔ Middle part: from the acromion, a portion of the scapula
✔ Posterior part: from the spine of the scapula
✅ 🔹 Insertion
✔ All parts of the deltoid muscle insert onto the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
✅ 🔹 Function
📌 The deltoid muscle is divided into three parts, each with a specific function:
1️⃣ Anterior Head
- ✔ Moving the arm forward (shoulder flexion)
- ✔ Internal rotation of the arm
- ✔ Assists in horizontal adduction of the arm (moving the arm forward across the body)
2️⃣ Middle Head
- ✔ Lifting the arm outward (shoulder abduction)
- ✔ Assists in stabilizing the shoulder during arm elevation
3️⃣ Posterior Head
- ✔ Moving the arm backward (shoulder extension)
- ✔ External rotation of the arm
- ✔ Assists in horizontal abduction of the arm (moving the arm backward across the body)
📌 Function Summary: The deltoid muscle plays a key role in all shoulder movements and is one of the primary muscles responsible for moving the arm in various directions.
✅ 💪🏻 Muscle Fiber Types
✔ The deltoid muscle consists of a combination of fiber types. ✔ A combination of slow-twitch fibers (Type I) and fast-twitch fibers (Type II). ✔ It is composed of both fiber types.
✔ The anterior and posterior heads contain more fast-twitch fibers, which are suited for powerful and rapid movements.
✔ The middle head has a higher proportion of slow-twitch fibers, which help maintain muscular endurance during sustained activity.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Role in Sports and Physical Activities
✔ Plays a key role in all overhead movements, such as shoulder press and bench press.
✔ Crucial for sports like weightlifting, swimming, gymnastics, and wrestling.
✔ Considered one of the primary muscles involved in carrying heavy objects, throwing, and raising the arm.
✅ 🧗🏻♂️ Strength and Endurance
✔ The deltoid plays a vital role in maintaining shoulder joint stability, and its weakness can reduce control over shoulder movements.
✔ This muscle is well-suited for both strength and endurance activities and is heavily engaged in many professional sports.
✅ 🧠 Innervation
✔ Axillary Nerve (also known as the underarm nerve) – responsible for controlling deltoid muscle movements and providing sensation to the shoulder area.
✅ 🩸 Blood Supply
✔ Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery
✔ Thoracoacromial Artery
✅ 🤼♂️ Role in Sports and Physical Activities
✔ Directly involved in all shoulder and arm movements.
✔ A key muscle for athletes in bodybuilding, weightlifting, swimming, boxing, and combat sports.
✔ Strengthening this muscle improves shoulder shape, prevents injuries, and boosts upper body strength.
✅ 🏌🏻♂️ Interaction with Other Muscles and Joints
✔ Works closely with the rotator cuff muscles, back muscles, and pectoralis major.
✔ Weakness in this muscle can lead to excessive strain on the shoulder and scapular joints, increasing the risk of injury.
✅ 💉 Vulnerability and Potential Issues
✔ One of the most injury-prone muscles in bodybuilding and strength sports due to its crucial role in heavy movements.
✔ Common injuries include tears, strains, tendon inflammation, and cramps—often caused by improper use of heavy weights.
✅ 🏋🏻♂️ Strength Training Exercises for the Deltoid Muscle
1️⃣ Dumbbell or Barbell Shoulder Press – Strengthens all parts of the deltoid
2️⃣ Lateral Raise – Targets the middle head of the deltoid
3️⃣ Bent-Over Reverse Fly – Strengthens the posterior head of the deltoid
4️⃣ Front Raise with Dumbbell or Barbell – Focuses on the anterior head
5️⃣ Arnold Press – Activates all heads of the deltoid simultaneously
✅ 🧘🏻♀️ Stretching and Recovery
✔ Forward and backward shoulder stretches
✔ Wall walks with the hand to improve flexibility
✅ Fun Fact
✔ The deltoid muscle is actually one of the key muscles that shapes and enhances the appearance of the upper body.
✅ Practical Tip
✔ Overtraining the deltoid without strengthening the back and rotator cuff muscles can disrupt shoulder muscle balance.
🔴 Name and Location: A superficial muscle that covers the shoulder joint and originates from the clavicle, scapula, and humerus.
🟠 Anatomy: Composed of three parts—anterior, middle, and posterior—each responsible for different shoulder movements.
🟡 Function:
✔ Anterior: Arm flexion and internal rotation
✔ Middle: Arm abduction and elevation
✔ Posterior: Arm extension and external rotation
🟢 Physiology: A combination of slow- and fast-twitch fibers, allowing for both endurance and explosive power movements.
🔵 Innervation: Axillary nerve, which controls the muscle’s movement and sensation in the shoulder area.
🟣 Importance: Active in all upper-body movements, bodybuilding, weightlifting, swimming, boxing, and combat sports.
🟤 Exercises: Shoulder press, lateral raise, front raise, bent-over raise, Arnold press.
⚫ Fun Fact: A key muscle for shoulder strength and aesthetics, yet one of the most injury-prone muscles during heavy training.
Muscle training
Pelank is a comprehensive encyclopedia of the body’s muscles, providing an accurate and scientific review of all muscles. Below, you can find muscle groups. By clicking on each muscle group, you will have access to complete information about it, including:
1️⃣ Basic information about the muscle
2️⃣ Muscle anatomy
3️⃣ Muscle physiology
4️⃣ Innervation and blood supply
5️⃣ Importance of the muscle in the body and sports
6️⃣ Strengthening exercises
7️⃣ Scientific and interesting facts
📌 At the end, a summary review of each muscle will be provided.
Body muscles training guide link
🔹 The muscle group engaged in this movement is highlighted in color.
References
Anatomy and medical books :
- Gray’s Anatomy (one of the standard references in anatomy).
- Netter’s Atlas of Human Anatomy (a famous visual atlas in anatomy).
- Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore
Sports and training references :
- Strength Training Anatomy by Frederic Delavier
- Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning by NSCA
- Well-known articles and training programs by international coaches
Medical databases :
- PubMed (for scientific and research articles)
- MedlinePlus (health and medical information)
- WebMD (for practical and general health information)
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